Despite therapeutic progress, opportunistic oral fungal infectious diseases have increased in prevalence, especially in denture wearers. The combination of entrapment of yeast cells in irregularities in denture-base and denture-relining materials, poor oral hygiene and several systemic factors are the most probable cause for the onset of this infectious disease. Hence, colonization and growth on prostheses by Candida species are of clinical importance- Candida albicans is a dimorphic yeast strongly Gram-positive able to live as normal commensal organism in the oral cavity of healthy people- It is the yeast more frequently isolated in the oral cavity. Under local and systemic factors related to the host conditions, it becomes virulent and responsible of oral diseases known as oral candidiasis. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss several key factors controlling the adhesion of Candida species which are relevant to denture-associated stomatitis.

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Aim: To estimate and correlate salivary glucose levels with serum glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus patents and healthy controls. Materials and methods: Fifty type 1 diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. The fasting whole saliva was collected over ice with 0.1 %u w/v sodium fluoride and fasting venous blood samples were collected with 20 pl of sodium fluoride. The samples were analyzed for glucose by using autoanalyzer. The results were analyzed statistically using unpaired t-test. Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation test. Results: Significant correlation was obtained between salivary and serum glucose in type 1 diabetic patients and in control group. The levels of salivary glucose did not vary with age and gender of the patient in type 1 diabetes patents. Conclusion: As there was a highly significant correlation between serum glucose level and salivary glucose level in both type 1 diabetics the salivary glucose serves as a valuable noninvasive tool which has the potential of being a marker in diagnosing and monitoring diabetes mellitus.

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Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or cone-beam volumetric tomography (CB VT) is a diagnostic imaging technology that is changing the way dental practitioners view the oral and maxillofacial complex as well as teeth and the surrounding tissues. CBCT has been specifically designed to produce undistorted three dimensional images similar to computed tomography (CT), but at a lower equipment cost, simpler image acquisition and lower patient radiation dose. This article highlights the CBCT application in dentistry.

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The etiopathogenesis and management of oral submucous fibrosis has been the subject of controversy ever since Schwartz first described the condition in 1952. Population estimates of OSMF indicated that 2.5 million people were affected worldwide. This number has risen to 5 million on the Indian subcontinent itself. It calls for the need to treat such a critical precancerous condition with aggressive steps. Before one goes to treat this disease it is required to have a look at all the modalities tried so far in the literature. This article aimed at the same signature facts of the etiopathogenesis and various treatment modalities of OSMF.

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Background: Salivary IgA forms the major source of defense in the oral cavity. It comes from the secretory epithelial cells and also from the vascular compartment. Oral submucous fibrosis patients have progressive fibrosis of oral mucosa secondary to betel quid chewing. Chewing betel quid has got an effect on the immunoglobulin profile in saliva, hence we studied the salivary IgA levels in these patents. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the salivary IgA levels in OSMF patients. Materials and methods: Study comprised of 20 OSMF cases which were clinically diagnosed and 40 smokeless tobacco chewers and 20 controls. Results: Salivary IgA levels were reduced in smokeless tobacco chewers and increased in OSMF patients when compared with controls. Conclusion: Altered IgA levels in saliva of smokeless tobacco chewers probably creates an immunological incompetence which could promote effect of cotinine on oral mucosa and result in fibrosis.

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Introduction As the demand for facial esthetics has increased, more patients nowadays complain of the development or the progression of facial asymmetry. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the facial asymmetry with the help of facial photographs and its validity and authenticity to be used as a valid clinical tool for clinical practice. Materials and methods: Total 30 adults were selected in the age range of 18 to 25 years with facial asymmetry. Barium points were marked on right and left medial and lateral canthus of eyes. Frontal view photographs and posteroanterior view radiographs were taken of all individuals selected. With Visual Basic Studio 2005 software, photographs and radiographs were converted in OLE (server). The obtained images were digitized by using AutoCAD software. The right and left halves were then compared on photographs and radiographs in terms of area, perimeter, compactness and moment ratio. The data derived was subjected to Spearman rank correlation statistical analysis. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05. Result: On correlation of ratios between photographic and radiographic values, significant correlation was observed in terms of area, compactness and moment ratio whereas perimeter showed nonsignificant relationship. Conclusion: Photographs can be used as an effective diagnostic tool as comparable to radiographs for assessing facial asymmetry.

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Background: A large epidemiologic study on oral health has found that severe oral soft tissue lesions were more prevalent in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our objective of this article is to characterize and compare oral changes both in controlled (previously diagnosed) and uncontrolled, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Methodology: This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence and characteristics of oral soft tissue diseases, hard tissue changes identified during a comprehensive oral evaluation of 50 adult subjects with previously diagnosed controlled type 2 diabetic group and 50 randomly and newly diagnosed uncontrolled type 2 diabetics. Results Specific oral manifestations, reactionary changes were identified in uncontrolled diabetic group. Controlled group had less seventy when compared to their counterpart of uncontrolled diabetics. Higher prevalence rate of Candida, periodontal abscess, sialadenosis, severe periodontitis and other reactionary changes were recorded and found to be statistically significant when compared with controlled type 2 diabetic group. Conclusion: The present study helped to familiarize with the oral changes manifested in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and understand the possible complications and reactionary changes both in controlled and uncontrolled groups of diabetics.

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Laser application in dentistry dates way back in 1960 but its widespread usage still stands great deal of limitation. It is an excellent modality of treatment, having varied clinical usage and holds great deal of implication in treatment of many oromucosal pathologies including inflammatory, reactive, benign and malignant pathologies. Correct understanding of the lasing process is necessary for its usage by the clinician. Lasers can replace knife and scalpel, and is a modality of treatment for the new age dentistry.

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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of about adult onset and unknown etiology. There are variable forms of this mucocutaneous condition, which at times make recognition difficult. Remissions are infrequent and there is no definite curative treatment. Because of an association with oral carcinoma all patients with OLP should be carefully evaluated and followed periodically. The purpose of present study was to achieve better understanding of etiological, clinical and histopathologic characteristics of OLP and also to evaluate the curative response by different treatment modalities in various forms of OLP.

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Background and objectives: Neglected by dentists and ignored by physicians, saliva is the least appreciated of all body fluids. Yet, this secretion plays a vital role in the integrity of the oral tissues in the selection, ingestion and preparation of food for digestion and besides a whole lot of functions, in one's ability to communicate with one another. Saliva has proven to be a discriminating element in forensic sciences, an effective indicator of acute diseases of salivary glands and also a promising probe for drug monitoring. Because of multiplicity of functions served by saliva along with various physiologic processes involved, salivary secretions have long enjoyed a modest popularity as a research field.' With an increase in investigator interest, it is becoming apparent that many systemic diseases affect salivary gland function and/or composition potentiating its probable role as an indicator of systemic disease? Materials and methods: This study has been undertaken to assess the possible variations in the salivary components in patients with diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease and to ascertain their role in the progression and severity of the disease process. Ninty patients from the OPD were selected for the study after taking an informed consent. These were divided into three groups. Group I consisted of patients with diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease, group II consisted of patients with periodontal disease alone, and, group III the control group. Around 10 ml unstimulated saliva obtained from these subjects was analyzed for salivary sodium, potassium, alpha-amylase, albumin, total proteins and IgA levels. The results were analyzed using the student's t-test. Results: All the salivary components assessed were markedly increased in group I than group II which showed slightly higher values than group Ill. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus acts as a modifying and aggravating factor along with presence of local etiological factors to increase the seventy of periodontal disease. Alterations in salivary composition are seen as a result of changes in the oral mucosa due to diabetes mellitus which in turn affect the severity of periodontal disease.

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Introduction: Xerostomia is the subjective symptom of dryness of mouth. Although xerostomia is not a disease, it may herald the onset or signal the presence of a number of serious systemic diseases and condition. Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate oral manifestations associated with xerostomia, to establish relation between salivary gland function and lacnmal gland function in individuals with xerostomia and to establish the changes in composition of saliva in patents with xerostomia. Materials and methods: The study is randomized case-control study involving a total of 60 adult individuals. The study group consisted of 30 adult individuals reporting with chief complaint of xerostomia. Control group consisted of 30 healthy age and gender matched individuals. Each group was further divided into five subgroups according to the age. Patents with known cause of xerostomia like diabetes, salivary diseases, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, xerogenic medications were excluded from the study- A detailed case history was taken, the associated oral symptoms and clinical signs were recorded. The study population was subjected to xerostomia questionnaires to assess the severity of dry mouth. Sialometry was done to assess the salivary gland function by measuring unstimulated whole saliva, stimulated whole saliva and stimulated parotid saliva Sialochemistry of collected saliva was done and concentration of salivary electrolytes and total protein was assessed. All the subjects were given ophthalmic examination to evaluate lacrimal gland function. Results and conclusion: Xerostomia is a distressing symptom affecting patients' quality of life. It affects females more than males. Unstimulated whole saliva is the better indicator of salivary gland function. Salivary concentration of sodium, chloride and total protein is higher in patients with xerostomia. Multiglandular hypofunction may be phenomenon coexisting with xerostomia which often goes undiagnosed.

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Aims and objectives:

1. To know the patterns of clinical and pathological manifestations of oral mucosal lesions in Gutkha chewers and as potential impact on the population,
2. Assess the significance of the oral brush cytology in oral mucosa of Gutkha chewers.

Materials and methods: A total number of 2396 patients with oral mucosal lesions were screened. A total of 150 cases were studied with oral mucosal lesions diagnosed in patents with Gutkha chewing habit. The distribution of patients included both males and females of all age groups and socioeconomic status compared with the controls. In this aspect, oral brush cytology can be used to detect such precancer and cancerous conditions in advance. Results On cytological diagnosis, 88 were normal/inflammatory, and five were inconclusive on brush cytology smears seen of 93 OSMF cases. Out of 30 clinically diagnosed carcinoma cases, brush cytology was four normal/inflammatory, 25 dysplasia positive and one inconclusive. Only three cases of leukoplakia and one case of moderate dysplasia were expressed suspicious on brush cytology. All the clinically diagnosed cases were proven on histopathology Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that Gutkha chewing elevates the risk of oral submucous fibrosis, leukoplakia and cancer. Oral brush cytology has been found to be very helpful to detect precancer and cancerous conditions; hence we recommend the use of oral brush cytology as a screening tool in all suspicious intraoral lesions for rapid diagnosis.

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Scientific technology has recently made significant progress in the area of human genetics. The discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has proven to be momentous for science. Dr Alec Jeffreys found that certain regions of DNA contained DNA sequences that were separated over and over again next to each other. He also discovered that the number of repeated sections present in a sample could differ from individual to individual which is the basis for its use in forensic science. Though the use of such knowledge is not fully realized yet, there is limitless potential for the subject. This paper aims to describe the basics to understand the various methods of DNA fingerprinting and its applications in forensic science.

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Necrotizing fascitis is rapidly spreading soft tissue infection involving the subcutaneous tissues. Cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) is rare complication from dental infection that can lead to the involvement of the neck, mediastinum and chest wall. The case discussed below is of a patient with an odontogenic infection, leading to spread of infection along the cervical fascia) planes due to immunocompromised state of patient causing necrosis and wound in neck region, diagnosed as cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis. The author found a successful outcome in the patient after he underwent surgical debridement and antibiotic coverage.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. The microvasculature complications of diabetes include retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Gingival microvasculature represents vascular changes elsewhere in the body and hence gingival biopsies may be subjected for microscopic analysis to evaluate the microvasculature changes in diabetic patients. Aim: The present study aims at demonstrating microvasculature changes in gingiva of diabetics and analyze its correlation with systemic complications of diabetes. Materials and methods: A total of 46 outpatients with known diabetes between the age group of 10 and 35 years, visiting SDM College of Dental Sciences, Dharwad and Day Care Centre, Hubli were included in the study- A total of 40 control subjects (20 males and 20 females) were also selected- Gingival biopsies were performed; specimens were stained and visualized under the microscope to assess the microvasculature changes in diabetic patients. Results: Signs of microangiopathy were prominent in diabetics. A total of 16 specimens (34_8%) showed widening and reduplication of basement membrane, 33 specimens (71.7%) had increased staining in basement membrane, nine (19.6%) showed splitting of basement membrane, 28 (60.9%) had swelling of endothelial cells and 5 (10.9%) showed proliferation of endothelial cells with or without lumen obliteration. Out of the 46 diabetic subjects, grade I microangiopathy was seen in 33 subjects, grade II in seven subjects and grade III in six subjects. Retinopathy was present in five subjects, all with uncontrolled diabetes, nephropathy was present in 22 subjects out of which 90.9% were uncontrolled diabetics and neuropathy was seen in 23 subjects out of which 86-9% were uncontrolled diabetics.

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Background: The diagnosis of periodontal diseases should be made systematically which includes both clinical and radiographic examination. Dental radiographs (bitewing and panoramic) are important in the detection of periodontal disease. The present study was aimed to compare the panoramic, bitewing radiography and pocket probing for measurement of alveolar bone levels. Materials and methods: The study group comprised of 120 subjects in the age group of 20 to 59 years with equal sex distribution. Clinical probing depth was recorded at mesial and distal sides of premolars and molars in both the arches by William's periodontal probe. In all patients, a single panoramic film and four bitewing radiographs were taken for premolars and molars on either side. Radiological measurements in the panoramic and bitewing intraoral films were carried out with a profile projector with computerized digital display and analyzed. Results Mean clinical probing depth at the mesial and distal sites in males was 3.23 ΁ 1.29 and 3.32 ΁ 1.37 respectively. In females, it was 3.41 ΁ 1.46 and 3.48 ΁ 1.45. The percentage of difference between probing depth, bitewing measurements and probing depth, panoramic measurements were calculated and compared. Conclusion: The present study indicated a definite underestimation of alveolar bone level by both the radiographic techniques when compared to clinical probing. Even though bitewing radiography presented higher accuracy when compared to probing, for those sites or teeth that are possible to assess, the diagnostic information available with panoramic radiography is comparable to that with bitewing radiography for marginal bone level.

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The peripheral giant cell granuloma is a reactive exophytic lesion of jaws seen on the gingival and alveolar ridge usually result of local irritating factors, such as trauma, tooth extraction, etc. Peripheral giant cell granuloma manifests as red purple nodule located in the region of gingiva or edentulous alveolar margins. This report describes a case of large peripheral giant cell granuloma in mandibular posterior region. The lesion was excised under LA and confirmed as peripheral giant cell granuloma after histopathological investigations. Two weeks after surgery, area of lesion appeared healed. No recurrence of lesion was found

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Background and objectives Oral mucosal lesions have been described in HIV infected individuals since the beginning of the epidemic. Occurrence of these oral manifestations has been associated with lower CD4+ cell counts. The present study was undertaken to assess the relevance of using oral manifestations as markers of immune deterioration by correlating the oral manifestations to the levels of circulating CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in HIVIAIDS patients. Study design: A complete oral examination was carried out for 96 HIV-infected individuals whose CD4+ counts were available within 1 month of oral examination. The CD4+ counts were estimated using a FACSCount machine. The data collected was subjected for statistical analysis using student t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of oral manifestations was 57.3%, i.e. amongst the 96 patients 55 had oral manifestations. The mean CD4+ count when any oral manifestation present was 158 ΁ 187. The mean CD4+ count of patients in whom there were no oral manifestations was 397 ΁ 256. Conclusion: Oral manifestations of HIV are associated with lower CD4+ count and can be used as clinical markers of immune deterioration.

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Radiotherapy has been used successfully in the treatment of cancer for many years. It can be used as only treatment or in combination with other treatment modalities. Blood samples were collected of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, RST Cancer Hospital and Research Centre. Nagpur and Department of Radiotherapy and Department of Biochemistry. Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, before and after sixth week of radiation therapy. The effect of radiation on oral squamous cell carcinoma has been studied using activity of glutathione peroxidase enzyme- GPX Enzyme activity was significantly reduced in RBC hemolysate of oral cancer patient showing lack of antioxidant defense. Radiation treatment further inactivates the GPX enzyme, though insignificantly, by lipid peroxidation making system further inefficient.

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease of absolute or relative insulin deficiency characterized by insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells- In diabetes there is proliferation and swelling of endothelial cells, frequently obliterating the vessel lumen which leads to reduced blood flow and decrease in oxygen diffusion leads to good environment for growth of microorganism. The present study was carried out with the aim of getting information on humoral immune status of individuals having diabetes by measuring the serum and salivary IgA levels. With intense review of literature and observation we concluded with there was statistically significant increase in the salivary IgA level in controlled and uncontrolled diabetics compared to normal individuals and serum IgA level was higher in controlled and uncontrolled diabetics compared to normal individuals.

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Aim and objective: The purpose of this study was to determine effects of natural beta-carotene and revox in, reducing the oral symptoms of submucous fibrosis patients, thickness of collagen fibers in submucous fibrosis patients and to correlate the changes in epithelium and connective tissue. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 50 patients with submucous fibrosis divided in two groups randomly. For patents in group A recived intralesional injection of 0.5 ml hyaluronidase 1500 IU and 05 ml hydrocortisone acetate 25 mg/ml were injected in buccal mucosa bilaterally in alternative week and natural beta-carotene capsule twice daily for 12 weeks along with ice cream stick mouth exercise. For group B patients intralesional injections and capsule revox were given twice daily for 12 weeks along with ice cream stick mouth exercise. Results: There is statistical significant improvement in mouth opening, reduction of burning sensation and decrease in thickness of collagen bundles were seen in all patients but there was early response in group A than group B Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that both groups showed statistical significant results with early response in group A. The clinical comparison and effectiveness of natural beta-carotene and revox is not statistical significant.

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Craniosynostosis syndrome is characterized by premature craniosynostosis occurring in association with a variety of other abnormalities. The most common craniosynostosis disease occurring without syndactyly is craniofacial dystosis or Crouzens syndrome. Most common craniosynostosis disease occurring with syndactly is Apert's syndrome. Apert's syndrome is characterized by craniosynostosis, midfacial malformations, symmetric syndactyly of hands and feet minimally involving digit second, third and fourth. We report a rare case of 12-yearold girl in India with all features of Apert's syndrome like hypertelonsm, exophthalmos, strabismus, steep forehead, depressed nasal bridge, parrot beak nose and retruded middle third of the face.

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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic disease of the oral mucosa caused by arecanut, however, it is not understood why all arecanut chewers are not the sufferers. Further, maximum changes are seen in areas of oral mucosa bathed in saliva raising the suspicion that some salivary factors influence the disease process. One such suggested factor is fibrin producing factor (FPF). Plasma and saliva samples of OSMF patients (n = 50), arecanut chewers without OSMF (n = 50) and healthy individuals (n = 50) were subjected for estimation of plasma fibrinogen level and presence of salivary FPF. In 43 OSMF patients with positive salivary FPF, there was increase in plasma fibrinogen level as compared to the healthy individuals, arecanut chewers and OSMF patients as a whole. In FPF negative OSMF cases (n = 7) average plasma fibrinogen level was very less as compared to OSMF patients as a whole. From our findings it can be established that increased plasma fibrinogen level and presence of salivary FPF have some role in pathogenesis of OSMF.

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Pindborg or calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a benign and noninvasive tumor that presents poor clinical features, a typical radiological picture and a characteristic histomorphology. CEOT is an uncommon odontogenic neoplasm, representing only 1% of all odontogenic tumors. The average age of occurrence is around 40 years with almost 1:1 gender ratio. It shows a mandible:maxilla site ratio of 2:1 and is mainly located in the molar:premolar (3:1) region The tumor usually appears as a radiolucent area containing radiopaque masses scattered throughout. Histologically, it is characterized by densely eosinophilic cells, which tend to calcify, homogeneous eosinophilic substance believed to be amyloid and calcifications in concentric layers (Liesegang rings). Two case reports are presented here in patents aged 30 years and 14 years

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Aim: There is worldwide evidence that fluoride intake above tolerance levels over certain period leads to cumulative effect resulting in systemic illness and osteosclerosis. The study was conducted where the drinking water content of fluoride was 4.7 ppm to evaluate the effect of fluorosis. Materials and methods: Study was conducted in Maharashtra, India. An ethical clearance was obtained. Clinical, biochemical, hematological and radiological assessment of all the patients were done. Results: Clinical grading of dental fluorosis in male (M) and female (F) patients was 1.85 ΁ 0.84 and 1.91 ΁ 0.86. RBC count in M/F was 4_93 ΁ 0 49 and 4.50 ΁ 0.47 (p-value 0.003). Hb% in MIF was 12.14 ΁ 1.76 and 11.21 ΁ 1.34 (p-value 0.038). Alkaline phosphate level in M/F was 279.68 ΁ 152.09 and 271.68 ΁ 169.97. ESR count in MIF was 10 41 ΁ 8.75 and 1229 ΁ 7.37. Radiological finding shows, enlarge pulp chamber 31.37%, prominent marrow 52.94%, thickening of inner and outer tables 83.92%, and harrowing of long bone 7.84%. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and identification of endemic area for fluorosis helps to prevent the further dental and skeletal changes. There is direct association between high concentration of fluoride in drinking water and involvement of dental structures.

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Many researchers have shown that lipid peroxides (Malondialdehyde) are the by-products of the chemical damage done by-oxygen free radicals (ROS), to the lipid components of cell membrane, which showed changes in its serum values in radiation treated malignant cases and antioxidants mediate anticancer activity, by modifying the cellular metabolic balance. Present study was conducted with the aim to estimate and compare the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level in normal individuals, oral cancer patients before and after radiotherapy undergoing antioxidant therapy.

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Foreign bodies are often encountered by oral and maxillofacial radiologists and may present a diagnostic challenge to the oral physician due to many factors, such as the size of the object, the difficult access, and a close anatomic relationship of the foreign body to vital structures. Foreign bodies in orofacial region are usually the result of injuries or operations or iatrogenic procedure. Fragments of broken instruments can be left behind or in some cases entire teeth or their fragments can be displaced during extraction. Foreign bodies like air gun pellets may also get lodged in the jaw bones, paranasal sinuses or in the soft tissue due to accidental injury. This article, reports two cases of foreign bodies, i.e. suture needle which is kept after operation of cleft palate, air gun pallet injury occur in childhood. Foreign body injuries in the maxillofacial region should be properly diagnosed using radiographs, for its proper surgical retrieval to prevent complications.

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Pemphigoid is a group of bullous diseases that have a diversified morphologic presentation and affects skin, oral mucosa and other mucosal membranes alone or in combination. In the literature, the condition has been subclassifed into bullous pemphigoid and cicatrcial pemphigoid (Mucous membrane pemphigoid) on the basis of primary organ of involvement. Oral pemphigoid, defined as cicatricial pemphigoid limited to the oral cavity, is a clinical subset of cicatricial pemphigoid. Like cicatricial pemphigoid, it occurs mostly in middle-aged women and it is uncommon in children under 20 years of age, with very few cases reported in the medical literature. We present a case of a 14-year-old girl with desquamative gingivitis as the only clinical presentation of this rare disease and lay emphasis on early recognition and clinical awareness.

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The hemangioameloblastoma is described as an ameloblastoma in which part of tumor contains spaces filled with blood or large endotheliallined capillaries. Variations in histomorphologic pattern do not appear to have a significant bearing on the biologic or prognosis of these tumors. The present case report describes a rare case report of a 32-year-old male patient with intrabony pathology in body of mandible crossing midline, where the clinical and radiographic picture was atypical of ameloblastoma, however on complete imaging and histopathological evaluation, it was diagnosed as hemangioameloblastoma

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Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic, progressive condition of the oral cavity. Although various causes have been attributed to the causation of OSMF, genetic susceptibility cannot be overlooked.

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Sleep, probably a quarter of every human's life, forms an important factor in children's development- Sleep disorders can impair children's sleep and lead to negative consequences. The consequences of these disorders can be substantial, leading to hypersomnolence, neurocognitive deficits, and significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome include adenotonsillar hypertrophy, Down's syndrome, obesity, family history of snoring or any condition leading to narrowing of upper airway- As the dentists are becoming increasingly aware of the issue of OSA, they are frequently involved in treatment of this condition using oral appliances- Moreover, they play an active role in identifying those with enlarged tonsils and referring them for sleep assessment. This paper provides an overview of OSA, including an outline of the diagnostic protocol and a summary of the wide variety of treatment modalities in children.

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Aim and objective: The aim of the study is to compare clinical and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint internal derangement, and to assess various other magnetic resonance imaging changes associated with internal derangement. Methods: The study group consists of 30 temporomandibular joints in 15 patients out of which 11 were females and 4 were males. These patients were within the age groups of 20 to 40 years with a mean age of 30.5 years. Result: The kappa statistical analysis for comparison of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of internal derangement was Κ = 0.80 which reveals substantial agreement and was statistically significant. Thus, the study shows that the clinical diagnosis of temporomandibular joint internal derangement correlated well with the magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis. Conclusion: This present study concludes that the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint internal derangement can be reliably made with appropriate patient history and clinical examination. Even though magnetic resonance imaging play a significant role in the diagnosis. Keywords: Temporomandibular joint, Internal derangement, Magnetic resonance imaging, Articular disk

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Objectives: The objectives of our study were to detect the antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in saliva and to compare the presence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in saliva and serum, thus assessing the usefulness of saliva in diagnosing HIV status of an individual. Study design: A comparative study was conducted at the HIV unit of Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru. The sample size of the study was 80 patients comprising two study groups consisting of 40 HIV positive patents, and control group consisting of 40 HIV-negative patients. Paired serum and saliva samples were collected from the case and control subjects. Serum samples were analyzed for HIV antibody at KIMS hospital by three different ELISA methods. Saliva samples were analyzed using Calypte Aware HIV-1/2 OMT test kit. Results: The sensitivity of saliva test was found to be 97.50% and the specificity was found to be 100%. The positive predictive value of saliva test was found to be 100% and the negative predictive value was found to be 97.56%. Conclusion: Saliva test is a simple, safe and efficient method to detect presence of antibodies to HIV. It also gives quick results and eliminates risk of needle prick injuries and also enables the dentist to perform the test in a dental setup, thus making it more convenient for the patient, who would otherwise have to visit a HIV cell for testing.

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Natal teeth are relatively uncommon, appearing in about one in every 2000 to 3000 births. It is underreported because in some cultures great fear and negativity is associated with natal teeth. Natal teeth generally develop on the lower gum, where the central incisor teeth will appear. About 70% of natal/neonatal teeth are firmly fixed but some subsequently become loose. Similarly a small number of initially loose teeth become fixed.

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We are living in a world of rapid change and technology which is increasingly used in medical practice, has increased our confidence in solving specific problems. Technology that serves the patent better rejuvenates the clinical and diagnostic accuracy.

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Arthrogryposis multiplex congenital (AMC) is characterized by contractions of multiple joints present at birth. The involved muscles are partially or totally replaced by fat or fibrous tissue. AMC is a distinct entity and distinction with the distal forms of arthrogryposis can be difficult, since there is a considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity. A comprehensive musculoskeletal evaluation and genetic consultation is necessary.

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Pachyonychia congenita comprises a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited conditions manifesting with characteristic nail thickening, palmoplantar keratoderma, follicular keratosis and oral manifestations like mucosal leukokeratosis. Less frequently epidermal cysts, hair-shaft abnormalities, natal teeth and laryngeal involvement may be seen. It is distributed almost evenly throughout the world affecting 1 in 100.000 populations. Here, we report a case of pachyonychia congenita type-1 with an added emphasis on dental findings in 45-year-old South Indian male patient.

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Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography in diagnosing inflammatory changes of masseter muscle in patients having facial cellulitis or abscess clinically. Materials and methods: A total of 20 patients diagnosed clinically as having unilateral cellulitis or abscess of massetric region were selected and subjected to ultrasonography (Medison SA 9900 ultrasonographic machine) for evaluating thickness of masseter muscle on affected and the normal contralateral side of patient. Results: The mean thickness of masseter muscle on affected side was 1.5295, whereas on unaffected side was 1.1745, which clearly shows an increase in thickness of muscle on affected side. Conclusion: Trismus, resultant of soft tissue infections requires different treatment modalities according to the etiology. Thus, a potent diagnostic tool which can minimize the dilemma regarding the treatment selection is warranted. These findings highlight the significance of ultrasonography as important diagnostic tool to rule out the involvement of masseter muscle in inflammatory swelling of facial region.

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Occlusal plane orientation is one of the most important and vital clinical step in complete denture patents. The fundamental basis of locating occlusal plane differs among various countries, however, the most reliable one is the ala-tragus line which is a horizontal line drawn through the lower part of the nose and the orifice of the ear. Since, there is a lot of controversy regarding which part of the tragus should be used to orient the occlusal plane, cephalometry can be used as an adjunct to position the occlusal plane as related to other craniofacial landmarks.

[ABSTRACT]   Full text not available  [PDF]

Waldeyer's ring is the primary site of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) involvement in approximately 5 to 10% of all lymphoma patients Lymphomas arising from base of the tongue are less frequent, accounting for 7% of all primary Waldeyer's ring NHLs. We report a case of NHL involving the base of tongue in a 30-year-old man who complained of dysphagia and swelling of neck. Clinical examination, radiographic, histopathological features, current understanding of disease with review of literature is offered.

[ABSTRACT]   Full text not available  [PDF]

Oncocytoma is a rare benign tumor of salivary gland origin, most often seen in the parotid gland. Oncocytoma is characterized by presence of large epithelial cell (oncocytes) with eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm and a rounded, centrally placed nucleus. They are most often encountered after the 6th decade of life. The clinical presentation of oncocytomas is essentially identical to other benign salivary gland tumors–a slow growing, nontender mass. They are firm, may be multilobulated and mobile on examination Oncocytic neoplasms should be considered as a possible diagnosis in patents with parotid enlargement. This article describes a case of oncocytoma of parotid gland which was present in the 4th decade of life, with a brief review of the relevant literature. Due to the lack of large series, assiduous study of the cases reported in the literature may lead to better understanding of this rare disease.

[ABSTRACT]   Full text not available  [PDF]

Full text not available  [PDF]