Introduction: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an important health problem worldwide with a tendency of annual progression. Renal failure could alter the balance of the stomatognathic system, thus conditioning the prevalence of oral diseases at its different stages. Researchers estimate that up to 90% of renal patients show oral manifestations and a wide range of bony anomalies accounting for 92% of the patients. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate radiographic manifestations in CRF patients and compare the findings between the stages of CRF. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study on fifty CRF patients was conducted. Patients were divided into three stages depending on the severity of renal failure. Orthopantomograph was taken for all the subjects. Results: The study showed that 88% of the study group had positive radiographic findings. Stage IV renal failure patients had more severe manifestations as compared to Stages II and III. Conclusion: Majority of the patients had positive radiographic findings which can be one of the diagnostic markers in CRF patients.

Introduction: Sex determination of unidentified human remains is very important in forensic medicine, medicolegal cases, and forensic anthropology. The mandible is the largest and hardest facial bone that commonly resists postmortem damage and forms an important source of personal identification. Additional studies have demonstrated the applicability of facial reconstruction using three-dimensional computed tomography scan (3D-CT) for the purpose of individual identification. Aim: To determine the sex of human mandible using metrical parameters by CT. Materials and Methods: The study included thirty subjects (15 males and 15 females), with age group ranging between 10 and 60 years obtained from the outpatient department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital. CT scan was performed on all the subjects, and the data obtained were reconstructed for 3D viewing. After obtaining 3D-CT scan, a total of seven mandibular measurements, i.e., gonial angle (G-angle), ramus length (Ramus-L), minimum ramus breadth and gonion-gnathion length (G-G-L), bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth (BIC-Br), and coronoid length (CO-L) were measured; collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical analysis program by Student's t-test. Results: The result of the study showed that out of seven parameters, G-angle, Ramus-L, G-G-L, BIC-Br, and CO-L showed a significant statistical difference (P < 0.05), with overall accuracy of 86% for males and 82% for females. Conclusion: Personal identification using mandible by conventional methods has already been proved but with variable efficacies. Advanced imaging modalities can aid in personal identification with much higher accuracy than conventional methods.

Introduction: Mental foramen is usually the anterior limit of inferior dental canal, which is located in the body of mandible between the inferior and alveolar margins. The accurate identification of the position of the mental foramen is important for both diagnostic and clinical procedures on the mandible. Objectives: To determine the most common type and position of the mental foramen in a selected population of Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: A total of 448 orthopantomographs showing mental foramen bilaterally were considered for this study. The type, position, and symmetry of mental foramen on contralateral sides were noted in both the gender. Frequency and percentage of type, position, and symmetry of mental foramen were calculated statistically. Results: The majority of mental foramen were of separate type (n = 554, 61.8%) followed by the continuous type (n = 342, 38.2%). The most common position of the mental foramen was position 4 (n = 554, 61.8%) followed by position 3 (n = 289, 32.2%). The mental foramen were bilaterally symmetrical (n = 246, 54.9%) and asymmetrical (n = 202, 45.1%) in radiographs. Significant differences were observed in position between the right and left side in both the gender. Conclusion: The separate type of mental foramen was most predominant and the most common location was position 4 followed by position 3.

Introduction: The purpose of the paper was to review the diverse pharmaceutical aspects of Tulsi. Materials and Methods: Several publications and books were electronically searched in google using the keywords “Tulsi as a medicine,” “Tulsi as a medicinal plant,” “Medicinal properties of Ocimum sanctum,” and “Tulsi in dentistry.” The search was limited to articles and books in the English literature. To prepare a thorough review on the therapeutic aspects of Tulsi, the contents were screened between the year 1985 to 2015 by going through the title and abstracts, and further shortlisting articles for full text reading. Conclusion: The present review revealed that Tulsi has an extensive array of medicinal uses, as evidenced by various studies conducted, but its use in allopathic medicine is still limited because of the lack of clinical trials on humans.

Introduction: The purpose of the paper was to review the diverse pharmaceutical aspects of Tulsi. Materials and Methods: Several publications and books were electronically searched in google using the keywords “Tulsi as a medicine,” “Tulsi as a medicinal plant,” “Medicinal properties of Ocimum sanctum,” and “Tulsi in dentistry.” The search was limited to articles and books in the English literature. To prepare a thorough review on the therapeutic aspects of Tulsi, the contents were screened between the year 1985 to 2015 by going through the title and abstracts, and further shortlisting articles for full text reading. Conclusion: The present review revealed that Tulsi has an extensive array of medicinal uses, as evidenced by various studies conducted, but its use in allopathic medicine is still limited because of the lack of clinical trials on humans.

A psychosomatic disorder involves both the body and mind. These diseases have physical symptoms originating from mental or emotional causes. Most common causes are stress, anxiety, and depression. When these psychological entities are not perceived properly, it may result in somatic disease due to conversion hysteria. Even the oral and paraoral structures show manifestations of these psychosomatic disorders. The present review has been done from text books and articles relevant to psychosomatic disorders. Relevant articles have been selected and filtered from databases using MeSH terms psychosomatic diseases, oral mucosal diseases, stress, etc., with boolean operators from 1990 till date. This review highlights the important aspects of the psychosomatic diseases affecting oral cavity.

Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is a rare entity that is associated with spontaneous, painless, unilateral enophthalmos and hypoglobus resulting from downward bowing of the orbital floor in the absence of any symptomatic sinonasal disease. The diagnosis is suspected clinically, but it is confirmed radiologically by its characteristic imaging features that include maxillary sinus outlet obstruction, sinus opacification and sinus volume loss caused by inward retraction of the sinus walls. The purpose of this article is to acquaint the reader with the clinical and imaging features of the SSS, along with a brief discussion about its pathogenesis and treatment, which is relatively unknown among oral and maxillofacial radiologists.

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), or “Günther disease,” is a rare variant of porphyria. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficient uroporphyrinogen III synthase (URO-III-synthase), the fourth enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. We report a case of a young female with the typical clinical presentations of cutaneous photosensitivity characterized by hyper- and hypo-pigmentations, blister formations and scarring of light-exposed skin, mutilation of the toe fingers, dark-purple urine and erythrodontia with pinkish fluorescence under a Wood's lamp. The diagnosis was confirmed by decreased activity of URO-III-synthase in red blood cells and a porphyrin profile compatible with CEP. Presence of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor associated with impacted mandibular right canine was also noted.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common primary salivary gland neoplasm frequently affecting the parotid gland. We report a case of MEC in a 24-year-old male in the retromolar area, which on initial examination gave impression of an innocuous-appearing traumatic ulcer but on histopathological examination turned out be an aggressive MEC. This article also shows the role of traditional therapy with Ayurveda in the management of this case. However, there are no previous scientific evidences in literature for treatment with such type of therapy.

Oral mucoceles are the most common benign lesions of the minor salivary gland in the oral mucosa. Various treatment options include marsupialization, surgical excision, dissection, laser ablation, cryosurgery, electrocautery, and intralesional steroid injections. However, most of them are invasive. The objective of this case report is to emphasize a less invasive combination treatment procedure as an alternative for the invasive treatment of mucoceles. This therapy was performed by using intralesional corticosteroid injection along with micromarsupialization to treat the mucocele on the lower labial mucosa. Three intralesional dexamethasone (4 mg) injections followed by standard silk sutures with 1-week interval over a 3-week duration demonstrated complete resolution of the mucocele. A 3-month and 6-month follow-up revealed no signs of recurrence. This combination therapy can be a noninvasive option to treat mucoceles as this treatment modality is well-tolerated by patients owing to its simple execution without any reported complications.

Oral melanocytic nevi are benign proliferation of nevus cells in the epithelial layer, the submucosal layer, or both. They are classified as junctional, intramucosal, and compound nevi. They may also be classified as congenital or acquired. Unlike their cutaneous counterparts, oral melanocytic nevi are rare. Intramucosal nevi are typically light brown and dome-shaped, and are the most common type, accounting for 64% of all reported oral nevi. The common blue nevus is the second most common type found in the oral cavity, accounting for 16.5–36% of all oral nevi. In this article, we report a case of an intramucosal nevus in a male patient on the right corner of the lower lip, which presented as a mucocele and was histopathologically confirmed.

Neurogenic tumors are rare in the oral cavity. Solitary neurofibroma is a rare benign nonodontogenic tumor which may present either as a solitary lesion or as part of the generalized syndrome of neurofibromatosis or von Recklinghausen's disease of the skin. Clinically, oral neurofibromas present as pedunculated or sessile nodules, with slow growth, mostly without pain or paresthesia unless a neural compression occurs. The diagnosis can be confirmed by histological examination. Immunopositivity for the S-100 protein indicates its neural origin. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and the prognosis is excellent.

Human jaw and teeth display a high degree of morphological individuality as they represent personal, familial, and population characteristics and one among them are cuspal variations. A protostylid is a supernumerary or accessory cusp located on the mesiobuccal surface of the mandibular molars that seldom pose problems. A forensic odontologist may find significant interest in its classification and identification among victims of mass causalties and bite marks on living and nonliving objects. The authors here are reporting a case of protostylid with a unique presentation which, to best of our knowledge is not reported so far.

Ameloblastoma is the most frequent odontogenic tumor arising from dental epithelium. It is characterized by its histological resemblance to the enamel organ of the developing tooth germ; but enamel formation is not observed. Acanthomatous ameloblastoma is considered an aggressive odontogenic tumor characterized by irregular verrucous masses adjacent to the tooth, consisting of sheets of keratinizing odontogenic epithelium. Here we are reporting a case of 35-year-old male with swelling on left body of the mandible region which was diagnosed as acanthomatous ameloblastoma based on clinical, radiographic and histopathological features.

Bifid mandibular condyle is a rare entity, in which the head of the condyle presents with double head usually separated by notching between the heads, thus it is also known as double-headed condyle. It is a frequent and purely incidental finding, mostly found in asymptomatic individuals during routine radiological investigation. It may occur as a developmental anomaly or due to trauma. Here, we report two unique cases of unilateral bifid condyles, which was an incidental finding during diagnostic imaging procedure.

Verrucous carcinoma is a clinical variant of squamous cell carcinoma. It is a locally aggressive lesion having a characteristic grayish-white warty appearance. This case report presents one such case having atypical features of verrucous carcinoma. Although nodal involvement is rare, it was seen in the present case, thus warranting wide local excision with supraomohyoid neck dissection.

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT) is a common odontogenic cyst with aggressive behavior with a high recurrence rate. Features that predict recurrence of KOT are thin friable epithelium which is difficult to enucleate and presence of satellite cysts in the fibrous wall. Most of the lesions grow in an anteroposterior direction without causing any bony expansion. Here, we report two cases of KOT with different clinical presentation.

Lateral periodontal cyst is a well-documented but slightly infrequent variant of odontogenic cysts. The common site of occurrence is the mandibular canine and premolar region. These types of cyst are more commonly seen in adults and are associated with or are located lateral to the roots of vital teeth. Radiological assessment reveals unilocular, radiolucent areas. Histological findings confirm the definitive diagnosis. On histopathological examination, it can be ruled out by the presence of lining of a thin cuboidal or stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and the presence of one or more epithelial thickenings or plaques. Botryoid odontogenic cyst is a variant of lateral periodontal cyst, which shows multilocular patterns radiographically and histologically. This variant, in particular, has more recurrence rate. Here, we report a case of lateral periodontal cyst having all the characteristic findings with respect to location, radiological, and histological features, with distinct clinical conduct which was managed by surgical enucleation.

Apert's syndrome is a rare type I acrocephalosyndactyly syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, severe syndactyly of the hands and feet, and dysmorphic facial features. The purpose of this report is to present an Apert's syndrome patient by highlighting the craniofacial characteristics and oral health care measures for these patients.

An epidermoid cyst is the most common cutaneous cyst, which is rarely observed in the oral cavity. Epidermoid cysts are the result of the proliferation of the surface epidermal cells within the dermis, which may occur anywhere in the body; however, approximately 6.9% are found in the head and neck region, with less than 0.01% incidence of all oral cavity cysts. In this report, we present a rare case of a labial epidermoid cyst in a 27-year-old woman with complaints of swelling and facial asymmetry in the lower lip beneath the left commissure for 3 years.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. TB ranks the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide. India is the highest TB-burdened country, accounting for one-fifth of the global incidence. It may occur as primary or secondary TB. Primary TB affects most commonly the lungs. Oral manifestations are uncommon in primary TB.

Plasma cell gingivitis, an infrequent benign entity, is an inflammatory or reactive condition of the gingiva to certain allergens or to an unknown factor. It is clinically characterized by erythematous, edematous, granular/cobblestone appearance of gingival surfaces with clear demarcation from the mucogingival junction. It easily bleeds on manipulation and may be associated with a burning sensation to spicy food consumption. Histologically, the lesion shows dense plasma cell infiltrate of the connective tissue. Here, we report a case of a 12-year-old girl, who presented with this rare condition, and its management with topical and systemic corticosteroids

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is an uncommon, benign, and proliferative lesion of the jaw with an unknown etiology. It is considered widely to be a nonneoplastic lesion. The actual etiology of CGCG is still unclear, although inflammation, hemorrhage, and local trauma have all been suggested. The incidence in the general population is very low, and patients are generally younger than 30 years. The biologic behavior of CGCG of the jaw ranges from quiescent to aggressive with destructive expansion. Here, we report a case of CGCG in an 18-year-old female patient with review of literature.

Squamous papillomas are common lesions of the oral mucosa with predilection for mucosa of hard and soft palate. As an oral lesion, it raises concern because of its clinical appearance, which may mimic an epithelial malignancy such as verrucous carcinoma or condyloma acuminatum. Pathogenesis of this lesion though largely unknown can be attributed to human papillomavirus infection, however, slight controversy regarding its viral origin exists. In this compilation, two cases of oral squamous papilloma are presented along with a review of literature.

Malignant melanoma in the oral cavity accounts for only 0.2–8% of all malignant melanomas and it has a much poorer prognosis than its counterpart on the skin. Due to the greater tendency toward metastasis, oral melanoma is considered quite aggressive. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a better prognosis regarding melanomas and a reduced risk of mortality from them. To date, very few cases have been reported, according to the data we have collected. Literature search shows that oral malignant melanoma was often implicated on the maxillary gingiva compared to the mandibular gingiva. In contrast, we describe a case of malignant melanoma on the mandibular gingiva in this report. This is a rare presentation for the condition which is detailed in this case report of malignant melanoma in a 57-year-old male who presented with painless, pigmented swelling on the mandibular gingiva.