Increase of transaminase levels was reported earlier in patients with oral lichen planus. A study was conducted in the department to assess the liver function status (transaminase levels) in oral lichen planus patients and any influence of diabetes mellitus on such cases. Study was performed on 20 patients with different types of oral lichen planus as a study group and 20 control healthy group. Age and sex was randomly selected. All the patients were subjected to routine blood tests and urine analysis and the estimation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SCOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels. The values of SCOT and SGPT levels < 40 iulL were considered within normal limits. Seven patients (35%) with oral lichen planus had diabetes mellitus while three (15%) cases of the control group had diabetes mellitus (p = 0.04). Regarding SCOT and SGPT levels, it was elevated in 11(55%) cases and in 2 cases (10%) of the study group and control group respectively (p < 0.001). In relation to the type of oral lichen planus out of 8 erosive cases, 87.5%(7 cases) showed elevated SCOT/SGPT levels out of 12 nonerosive cases. 33.33% (4 cases) showed elevated SCOT/SGPT levels (p < 0.01). We hence conclude that diabetes mellitus and elevated transaminase levels might be related to the development of oral lichen planus lesions. There is a strong association between elevated SCOT/SGPT levels and detection of erosive type of oral lichen planus

The pathologies affecting the maxillary sinus and related structures namely cyst, tumors and infections become difficult to diagnose/localize due to the existing complex arrangement of various bone forming maxillofacial complex. CT has become an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus pathologies. However, being a fairly recent technology, we (oral and maxillofacial radiologist) have not gained expertise in the interpretation of this fascinating imaging modality. Considering all these factors, one is compelled to accept the fact that not only is CT. a valuable tool in our field of maxillofacial radiology but it has become a vital time saving, safe and painless investigation in the evaluation of maxillofacial complex. A total number of 25 patients of maxillary sinus pathologies (intrinsic and extrinsic) were included in the study and were subjected to detailed case history, clinical examination, conventional radiography and CT scan. The results obtained in our study are discussed and compared with other similar studies.

Trigerninal neuralgia is a relapsing and remittent disorder is best symptomatically treated by medical treatment out of which carbamazepine thought to be a diagnostic drug marker of trigeminal neuralgia, has often undesirable side effects and sometimes ineffective, limiting its usage, thus search for more effective drug with lesser side effect is still on. Recently two newer anticonvulsant oxcarbazepine (OXC) a ketoderivative of carbamazepine and gabapentin (GBP) has been trailed in trigeminal neuralgia in different open clinical trial as monotherapy with encouraging results. These drugs have convenient dosage and surprisingly fewer side effects. These facts that trigeminal neuralgia responds to newer anticonvulsant (oxcarbazepine, gabapentin) in a better perspective, enabled me to conduct the present clinical trial on 54 patients (both in newly diagnosed TN patient and refractive patient) of trigeminal neuralgia who were made two randomized group for separate monotherapy study for a period of six months. The therapeutic effect of OXC and gabapentin (GBP) in relation to reduction in number of attacks of pain and severity of pain were evaluated. All the scoring data showed OXC is more therapeutic efficacious cost-effective and well-tolerated profile than gabapentin and an emerging as a drug for treatment of TN in both new and refractive patients.

Objectives: To assess the reliability of ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid for diagnosis of swellings in orofacial region. Study design: The study consisted of 40 patients with orofacial swellings, and all these patients were subjected to clinical, ultrasonographical and histopathological examination and respective diagnoses were obtained. Ultrasonographic diagnosis correlated with clinical and histopathological examinination. Chi-square test and contingency coefficient tests were used for statistical evaluation. Results: A significant association was observed between clinical and ultrasonographic diagnoses (contingency = 0.938 and p< 000) and between ultrasonographic and histopathological diagnoses (contingency = 0.943 and p< 000). Conclusion: Ultrasonography revealed as a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of orofacial swellings.

Solitary bone cyst (SEC) is a rare disorder of the jaw bones, as well as other skeletal bones, particularly the long bones. It usually occurs in the metaphyseal region of long bones comprising only around 2% of all bone cysts affecting this area. Solitary bone cyst is an asymptomatic, slow growing, usually nonexpansile lesion commonly diagnosed incidentally during routine radiographic examination of the jaw bones. Its etiology is not clear and trauma has not been definitely determined to be the cause. It occurs mainly in children and young adults, and the body of the mandible is the most common site On the basis of the literature available, opinions concerning the etiology, pathogenesiss and treatment of this disorder have been presented. A case of incidentally diagnosed solitary bone cyst of the mandible in a 22 years old female patient is presented. The clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of this cyst have been demonstrated.

The high mortality rate in cancer such as oral squamous cell carcinoma is commonly attributed to the difficulties in detecting the disease at an early treatable stage and "war with cancer" is still on. Intense research has led to a more comprehensive understanding of cancer at the genetic, molecular, and cellular levels providing an avenue for methods of increasing early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer. Nanotechnology is the science of the small; the very small. It is the use and manipulation of matter at a tiny scale. At this size, atoms and molecules work differently and provide a variety of surprising and interesting uses. These nanoparticles can be used to detect/mondor cancer (by utilizing or adding optical, magnetic, and fluorescent properties). This novel imaging tool can lead to significant improvements in cancer therapy due to earlier detection, accurate staging and microtumor identification. In this review, we will summarize the current state of the art of gold nanoparticles in early detection of oral cancer.

Dental implants have become an accepted form of permanent tooth replacement. Nearly all implants currently being placed are of the osseointegrated type. These typically consist of three parts: a fixture, an abutment and a screw or threaded rod. The fixture, usually composed of titanium, can be placed in either a surgically created site in the alveolar ridge or a fresh extraction socket. Diagnostic imaging can play an important role in evaluating patients with such implants. Useful imaging studies include plain panoramic radiography, computed tomography, and computer-reformatted cross-sectional, panoramic, and three-dimensional imaging. Advanced imaging studies can be used to determine the suitability of implant placement, appropriate sites for implant placement, the size of the implant that can be placed, and the need for preimplantation ridge surgery. Postoperatively, advanced imaging studies can show failure of an endosseous implant to osseointegrate, improper placement of an implant, and violation of important structures. This paper gives a brief insight into the various imaging modalities, which have been applied in implantology.

The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is a rare odontogenic tumor often misdiagnosed as an odontogenic cyst, constituting only 3% of all odontogenic tumors. Though odontogenic in origin but it appeared as duct like structures, often interspersed throughout the lesion which gives a glandular, i.e. Adenomatoid appearance. Here we are presenting a rare case report of an unusual site of extrafollicular adenomatoid odontogenic tumor in the mandible w.r.t 32, 33, 34 and 35 mimicking periapical disease clinical and radiographically. However, diagnosis of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor should be considered when the clinician is presented with a corticated radiolucency in the anterior lower jaw, especially in teens and young adults.

The benign cementoblastoma also called as 'true cementoma'. It is rare odontogenic tumor representing less than 1% of all odontogenic tumors. Norberg initially described it in 1930. The WHO defines the benign cementoblastoma as "a neoplasm characterized by the formation of sheds of cementum like tissue which may contain a very large number of reversal line and may be unmineralized at the periphery of the mass or in the more active growth areas. ³ The benign cementoblastoma occurs most frequently under the age of the 25 years with slight predilection for males. Cementoblastoma can occur in both maxilla and the mandible. The mandible however, is involved three times more frequently than maxilla. The mandibular first permanent molar is the most frequently affected tooth. This article describes the rare case of benign Cementoblastoma occurred in a 13-year-old girl with its radiological and histological features.

Central giant cell granuloma is an uncommon, benign, and proliferative lesion whose etiology is not defined. It is considered widely to be a non-neoplastic lesion Although formerly designated as giant cell reparative granuloma these lesions were found to be destructive rather than reparative, the word "reparative" was omitted from the ten and the terminology is central giant cell granuloma Presenting a case report of a female patient of aged 40 years having chief complaint of swelling since t year and pain since 4 to 5 months present at the lower right back region of the jaw. Correlating all clinical features and all investigation we finally diagnosed this case as central giant cell granuloma.

Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition, predominantly affecting the orofacial structures. The incidence varies between 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 70,000 per live births. 40% of the cases have a hereditary factor while 60% are due to genetic mutations. The features include antimongloid slanting of the eyes, deformed or underdeveloped pinna of the ear, retrognathic mandible, microgenia, hypoplasia of the facial bones. In some patients the retrognathic mandible may cause difficulty in breathing and swallowing and may require surgical interventions. The present article describes the clinical features of Treacher Collins syndrome as seen in 3 cases.

Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a relatively rare, benign, nonodontogenic tumor of the jaw, a subdivision of fibro-osseous lesions. Age of occurrence is between 20 to 40 years. Female to male ratio is 5:1, with affinity for posterior mandible region Aim is to evaluate the principal clinical and radiological features of two classical case reports of cemento-ossifying fibroma with discussion on clinical features and radiographic and imaging features. Here we are presenting two classical case reports of cement-ossifying fibroma of the mandible. Case 1 was a 19 years old female reported with painless swelling of molar-premolar region of right mandible with duration of 6 months. Case 2 was a 23-year-old female with an asymptomatic giant swelling of right mandible with duration of 3 years. Both cases were having typical clinical and radiographic features of COF which was later confirmed by histopathology.

This report presents two cases of Papillon-Lefévre syndrome (PLS) affecting two girls among five siblings belonging to a south Indian Muslim family. The patients were 12 and 14 years old. The patients presented with palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis which started around the age of two years. The elder patient was edentulous due to severe destructive periodontitis causing premature loss of teeth. The younger patient had severe destructive periodontitis with multiple periodontal abscess and loose teeth.

Desmoplastic ameloblastorna is a rare variant of ameloblastoma. A 16-year-old female patient reported with a painless swelling on the labial aspect of the maxilla- Radiographs revealed a mixed radiopaque/radiolucent lesion of honeycomb pattern. Histopathology revealed a follicular desmoplastic variant of ameloblastoma

Vascular malformations are the benign lesion of the blood vessels or vascular elements and are considered errors of vascular morphogenesis, displaying abnormal dilatations, and channels but no increased cell turnover. Vascular malformations are always present at birth and enlarge in proportion to the growth of the child- They do not involute and remain throughout the patient's life. ¹ These lesions occur with equal sex predilection and do not favor any races. Vascular lesions of the face are not very common Most of the oral and oropharyngeal lesions tend to occur in the tongue and the floor of the mouth. ² In most cases, the diagnosis of vascular malformations is based on clinical evaluation Here a case report is presented of 16-year-old male patient with vascular malformation of the orofacial region. The clinical presentation, radiological finding are discussed with emphasis on recent advances for diagnosis of the same.

Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is an entity under the subclassification of adenocarcinoma from salivary glands. PLGA is an unusual tumor that occur: in the minor salivary gland, particularity in the palate followed by buccal mucosa, upper lip, retromolar area and base of the tongue- The occurance of PLGA in locations other than these is exceedingly rare. We report a rare case of PLGA occuring in the anterior mandible. The clinical, radiographic, computed tomographic and histopathologic findings are discussed.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome also known as chondroectodermal dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder of the skeletal dysplasia type, first described by Richard WS Ellis and Simon van Creveld in 1940. The syndrome manifests with several skeletal anomalies, oral mucosal and dental anomalies, congenital cardiac defects, nail dysplasia and polydactyly of one or both limbs. It is caused by mutation of EVC1 and EVC2 genes located in a head-to-head configuration on chromosome 4p16, which has been identified as the causative. The EVC phenotype is variable and affects multiple organs. The presence of oral mucosal and dental alterations, like the presence of numerous frenulum, oligodontia, bellshaped anterior teeth, hypoplastic erupted teeth with high-caries index, will confirm the diagnosis of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and hence its importance to dentists.